Description
Objectives:Use strategies for definitional argumentation as a means of inquiry and invention.Develop a claim and reasons suitable for a definitional argument.Use appropriate conventions for making definitional arguments.Choose appropriate supporting sources, based on the purpose and audience for an argument.Please follow these steps: Review the “Rubric Peer Review” media piece for information on effective peer reviews.Begin by posting your Definition Argument Rough Draft by the deadline to TWO places: the Week 2 Peer Review Forum: Definition AND the Week 2 Definition Argument First Draft assignment box. Perform a peer review of the draft of the classmate who posted his/her response directly below yours in the Week 2 Peer Review forum. If your draft is the last posted, review the first draft posted. Then, complete the “Peer Review Worksheet: Definition” (see attachment in assignment box) to guide your review of a classmate’s paper.You will then need to post your completed Peer Review Worksheet to TWO places: the Week 2 Peer Review Forum: Definition for your peer to view AND the Week 2 Peer Review Assignment for the Definition Argument Essay assignment box, so the instructor can grade your work. Attach the file with your completed Peer Review Worksheet to the Peer Review Forum: Definition as a “reply” to the initial post of your peer’s first draft.Please note that to participate in the peer review process you must post your essay by 11:59 pm (AZ time) on Wednesday of Week 2.If you do not submit the First Draft or Peer Review Worksheet to both places or if you review the wrong person, you may not receive full credit for this assignment.First Draft Definition Argument
Victoria McManamy
College of Education, Grand Canyon University
ENG106: English Composition II
Tara Webster
February 15, 2023
First Draft Definition Argument
Organ Transplantation has many profound benefits including the extension of life and
time with loved ones as well as the maturation of medical science skills and understanding of the
complexities of the human body (Pilkington, 2018). Corruption of medical science is not
unbeknownst to society and is, unfortunately, a common occurrence among the desperate few in
our contemporary society. Transplant tourism is among the many corruptions of medical
sciences and can be directly associated with organ trafficking and transplant commercialism. In
the context of organ sales and donation many believe that the transaction of organs for monetary
personal gain creates a variety of detrimental outcomes and should be regulated by legislation in
hopes of protecting those involved ethically as well as legally, while others believe that the
personal choice of bodily autonomy is at the discretion of those involved, and not a matter of
legislation. Transplant tourism and paid donation has overwhelming detrimental impacts on
society because it perpetuates unsafe medical practices, targets the vulnerable and impoverished,
and negatively impacts legitimate tourism economies in underdeveloped countries.
Transplant tourism is the process of traveling abroad from one country to another country
in search of organs for transplant through purchase (Naumovich, 2020). The shortage of
available organs across the globe has led to many resorting to desperate measures in hopes of
saving the lives of themselves or the ones that they love. As a result many who are unfortunate
enough to experience a stressful outcome requiring an organ transplant are left feeling desperate
with medical costs and overwhelming waitlists that extend for years at a time and which
placement is determined on severity of illness often leaving many in physical pain for years until
they succumb to their illness while waiting on these lists. Some become proactive in their
desperation and search elsewhere for a more efficient and less costly solution. Many eastern
european countries have thriving black markets that cater specifically to transplant tourism.
Because the demand for organs is so high, and the majority of organ sales and paid donations are
made through illegal black markets, the medical professionals involved in these transplants are
either falsely practicing medicine without adequate training, or are forced to use inappropriate
tools, operating rooms, and neglect aftercare for the procedures they perform. Studies have been
performed to record the outcome of transplant recipients who participated in transplant tourism.
The vast majority of these transplants resulted in health problems for the tourists as well as the
donors involved such as wound infection, acute rejection, lower levels of graft survivals,
increased risk of mental illness such as depression and anxiety, and hospitalizations, as a direct
consequence of inadequate post-operative care instructions, poor immunosuppressant
monitoring, poor pre-transplant and post-transplant hygiene, and little to no medical
documentation or documentation in a foreign language (Naumovich, 2022). The inadequate care
provided to tourists and sellers involved in transplants is a direct example of unsafe medical
practices perpetuated by transplant tourism on the basis of convenience.
Transplant tourism not only instigates harmful medical execution, but correspondingly
targets the vulnerable and impoverished. The vulnerable participants of transplant tourism being
the sellers of organs are uniquely and adversely affected by transplant tourism. The sellers of
organ transplants are typically illiterate, bonded or slave laborers, and in poor economic standing
labeling them as vulnerable (Flaherty et al., 2021). Many sellers are motivated to participate in
paid organ donation by economic need or guilt. These sellers are targeted by the brokers of
transplant tourism who are commonly affiliated with organized crime and have many means of
persuasion such as physical and verbal threats of harm or death and who often rely on
misinformation to encourage sellers to participate such as cash payment along with all expenses
paid. These brokers may create false news advertisements that sellers are performing a nobel act
that will leave them suitably compensated which unfortunately excludes a multitude of hidden
expenses and more often than not results in extra medical expenses and loss of wages due to
previously mentioned unsafe medical practices (Flaherty et al., 2021). Many are lured by brokers
with false documentation to allow for their travels to the transplant location, and then such
documentation is revoked to ensure that they cannot leave and are often abandoned without hope
of returning to their families. The desperation of impoverished and otherwise vulnerable citizens
of developing countries allows for the targeting of these citizens by brokers of transplant tourism
resulting in possibly devastating outcomes for sellers of paid organ donation.
Tourism economics covers the business aspects of people traveling to different places
outside of their typical environment, whether that is for business or personal reasons. There are
many aspects of tourism economics that come into play when discussing a particular country’s
tourism economy, correspondingly, there are many aspects that can either negatively or
positively affect that tourism economy. In regards to transplant tourism, there has been a
significant increase in medical tourism in host countries of these transplants causing a fall in
labor productivity and crowds medical resources in public health care which directly decreases
economic stimulation (Beladi et al., 2017). Transplant tourism makes up 10% of all transplants
performed across the globe (Flaherty, 2021). This marks a substantial amount of transplants in
foreign and underdeveloped countries, many of which come from organ trafficking and forced
donations, most of which occur in these foreign countries. For developing countries, a reputation
of safety and accessibility to public health care is among the most important factors when one is
considering traveling, regardless of whether they are traveling for medical tourism or for
personal leisure. These deterring factors have a negative impact on these countries’ tourism, and
as a result negatively impact that country’s tourism economy. Transplant tourism has an injurious
impact on developing countries’ tourism economies due to decreases in labor activity, public
health care accessibility, and general public safety among foreigners.
Transplant tourism is the process of traveling from one place to another in search of
purchasing organs for transplant in hopes of extending life as well as the possibility of monetary
gain. Transplant tourism is responsible for 10% of organ transplants worldwide, and typically
occurs in underdeveloped countries as they lack adequate legislation to regulate these paid organ
donations. While transplant tourism allows for sick and otherwise death-bound patients an
extension of life at a decreased price and on a faster timeline as well as an outlet for
impoverished peoples to escape debt and indentured servitude, the negative effects outway the
positive in a massively devastating way. Transplant tourism allows for and encourages
inadequate medical practices such as non-existent post-operative care, poor hygiene before,
during, and after the transplant procedure, and little to no documentation of medical procedure
and process resulting in increased risk of infection, transplant rejection, hospitalizations, and
development of depression and anxiety. Transplant tourism targets the vulnerable and
impoverished citizens of these underdeveloped countries who are in many cases uneducated or
illiterate, pressured by economic straits such as debt and bonded labor, and looking to provide a
more suitable life for their families and typically resulting in separation from families, loss of
wages due to recovery and unexpected hospitalizations, and expanded debt due to inadequate
surgical operation. Correspondingly, transplant tourism negatively impacts legitimate tourism
economies in developing countries by causing a fall in labor activity due to the overcrowding of
public health care and providing a potentially dangerous environment to possible tourists
searching to visit these countries. Transplant tourism is a global phenomenon that has drastic and
mortally dangerous outcomes for those involved (Gill et al., 2011). Transplant tourism and paid
donation in the context of organ trafficking has inimical results on society in underdeveloped
countries because it sustains inadequate and unsafe medical executions, targets the impoverished
and otherwise vulnerable population of these countries, and directly and negatively impacts the
legitimate tourism economy in these developing countries.
References
Beladi, H., Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., & Hollas, D. (2019). Does Medical Tourism Promote
Economic Growth? A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1),
121–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735909
Flaherty, G. T., Nasir, N., Gormley, C. M., & Pandey, S. (2021). Transplant Tourism and
Organ Trafficking: Current Practices, Controversies and Solutions. International
Journal of Travel Medicine & Global Health, 9(3), 102–106. https://doiorg.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.17
Gill, J., Diec, O., Landsberg, D. N., Rose, C., Johnston, O., Keown, P. A., & Gill, J. S.
(2011). Opportunities to deter transplant tourism exist before referral for
transplantation and during the workup and management of transplant candidates.
Kidney International, 79(9), 1026–1031. https://doiorg.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/ki.2010.540
Naumovich, C. (2020). Addressing Transplant Tourism Problems and Proposed
Solutions: Regulation Instead of Prohibition. Indiana Journal of Global Legal
Studies, 27(2), 409.
Pilkington, B. C. (2018). A market in human flesh: Ramsey’s arguments on organ sale,
50 years later. Christian Bioethics, 24(2), 196–212. https://doiorg.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/cb/cby001
1
Selling Organs is not Ethical
Amber Garza
Early Childhood Education and Early Childhood Special Education, Grand Canyon University
ENG- 106: English Composition II
Professor Tara Webster
February 15, 2023
2
Selling Organ is not Ethical
There is so many people in the world dying from needing an organ donation. There has
been people talking about selling organs to help with the need with the shortage there is for
organs. In 1984 the National Organ Transplant Act came into effect making it illegal to sell
organ because it would be unethical (Satel, 2006). Selling of organs can lead to a lot of problems.
The need for organs is at a high right now and people does not realize this. Every nine minutes
there is someone new being add to the national transplant list; bring the total to 104,121 people
(Donate life America, 2023). Helping people should be a choice not something that has to be
bought because times are tough. Selling body parts are said to be problematic because it exploits
and dehumanizing to people (Schweda & Schicktanz, 2009) Even though selling organs could
get more people to be donors it is not ethical for the people that are on the waiting list because
of unfair advantages, bad financial incentives, and the black market.
Unfair advantages
The selling of organs can lead to some unfair advantages for certain people that are on the
waiting list. People will do will use money to get what they want and most of the time it works.
Rich people would be able to purchase an organ directly, but the people in the lower classes
would not be able to afford to do so (Satel, 2006). Rich people use their money all the time to get
what they want because money buys everything. The people in the lower classes would not be
able to afford to do such a thing so they would have to remine on this transplant list to wait to get
one. If the law was to change making it where selling organ is legal could cause the ill wealthy
people having the rights over the body parts for themselves leave the poor to struggle to wait for
an organ (Ritter, 2008). The waiting list is there to serve the most ill first. The people that would
die within minutes or days if they do not receive one as soon as they can. The list is to make sure
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that everyone is getting a fair advantage to a new life. Is it fair that so many people have to wait
no it is not but it does provided equal opportunity for everyone on the transplant list. Just like
there is unfair advantages also comes bad financial incentives.
Bad financial incentives
People of the lower-class struggle to make ends meet on a daily which could also lead to
bad financial decisions including selling an organ. People that receive payment for things are
more likely to do things that they would not normally doing even if it is dangerous (Wilkinson,
2016). Money is the root of all evil. Money is something that people need to survive. When
people that are in a financial situation such as paying bills, people might feel pressured to sell an
organ just to make ends meet (Schweda & Schicktanz, 2009). Lower class people will sell their
organs even if that do not want to just to make sure that they can kept feed, and a roof over their
head. Having any kind of surgery is risky but when people are in need of money, they will do
anything to get it. The wealthy people would take advantage of someone in need of money to get
the organ that they need to survive. In return the people that are on the waiting list will have to
continue to wait. Legalizing organ sales might encourage people to neglect to take care of a
family member that is sick or even murder to benefit from the death by donating their organs
(Zackin, 2007). This could also lead to other means in getting an organ that is needed.
Black market
The black market is where people sell or buy things that are illegal to sell. People would
go across the sea to China to get a transplant instead of waiting for one and not realize that the
organ they are getting might have come from an executed prisoner (Satel, 2006). Buying things
on the black market you never know where it is coming from or even how they got it. Selling and
buying of organs on the black market is illegal and if caught doing so will get you into trouble.
4
Unfair advantage, bad financial incentives and the black market are the reasons why
selling of organs is not ethical. People make poor choices every day especially when it comes to
money. The rich would use their money to buy an organ which would cause and unfair
advantage for the lower classes that cannot afford it. When people are in a tight spot and is
struggling with money them might sell an organ that they do not want to just to make sure that
they can pay their bills. They might go as far as to watching a family member pass away just to
sell their organ to make money. Money is what everyone needs to survive, and people are willing
to do anything to get it including doing dangerous or unethical things including the black market.
When dealing with the black market you never know where the organ is coming from or how
they even got it. People on the black market do not care about how they got something they just
want the money. The selling of organs is unethical and unfair to the people that is on the waiting
list and cannot afford to buy organs.
5
References
Donate Life: “Organ Donation Statistics” https://www.donatelife.net/statistics/
Ritter, Peter. (2008). Legalizing the Organ Trade? Times.
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833858,00.html
Satel, S. (2006). organs for Sale. American (19328117), 1(1), 84–90.
Schweda, M., & Schicktanz, S. (2009). The “spare parts person”? Conceptions of the human
body and their implications for public attitudes towards organ donation and organ
sale. Philosophy, Ethics & Humanities in Medicine, 4, 1–10. https://doiorg.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1186/1747-5341-4-4
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Data.
https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/
Wilkinson, Stephen. (2016). The Sale of Human Organs, The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/organs-sale/
Zackin, E. (2007). Black Markets: The Supply and Demand of Body Parts. The Journal of
Politics, 69(1), 269–270. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.14682508.2007.00522.x
ENG-106 Peer Review Worksheet: Definition Argument
Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers
that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing
that feedback. To highlight the text and type over the information in the boxes on this worksheet,
double-click on the first word.
Name of the draft’s author: Type Author Name Here
Name of the peer reviewer: Type Reviewer Name Here
Reviewer
After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that
includes your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as
specified in the syllabus and the rubric.
Type 3-5 Sentence Summary Here
After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive
answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate
areas in need of improvement and revision. Please be sure to indicate at least three positive
aspects of the draft and at least three areas for improvement in reply to the questions at the
bottom of this worksheet.
Definition Argument Content and Ideas
•
How effectively does the thesis statement identify the main points that the writer would
like to make in this definition argument?
Type Answer Here
•
How successfully does the argument focus on explaining and justifying a specific
definition?
Type Answer Here
•
If the writer uses resemblance arguments, how successfully were they used?
Type Answer Here
•
How persuasively is evidence used to justify ideas and enrich the essay?
Type Answer Here
•
How effectively does the essay incorporate supporting strategies such as the criteriamatch pattern described?
Type Answer Here
Organization
•
How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of
the paper?
Type Answer Here
•
Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below.
Type Writer’s Thesis Here
•
How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s
ideas?
Type Answer Here
•
How effectively does the conclusion provide a strong, satisfying ending, not a mere
summary of the essay?
Type Answer Here
Format
•
How closely does the paper follow APA formatting style? Is it double-spaced in 12 pt.
Times New Roman font? Does it have 1″ margins? Does it use headers (page numbers
using appropriate header function)? Does it have a proper heading (with student’s name,
date, course, and instructor’s name)?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
Are all information, quotations, and borrowed ideas cited in parenthetical APA format?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
Are all sources listed on the references page in APA format?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
Is the required minimum number of sources listed?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
Language Use and Style
•
Are the voice and tone of the essay effective in characterizing ideas and creating the
appropriate mood? If “No,” please provide examples of ineffective or inappropriate voice
and tone.
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
How effectively does the paper incorporate a variety of sentence structures that
strengthen the ideas, create vitality, and avoid choppiness in the writing?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
How would you assess the writer’s diction (i.e., word choice)? Does the writer use active
verbs, concrete nouns, and precise words?
Yes No Add optional clarification here
Grammar and Mechanics
•
Does the writer use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling? If “No,” please provide
examples of errors in need of correction.
Yes No Add optional clarification here
•
Is the writing clear and comprehensible throughout the draft? If “No,” please provide
examples in need of improvement.
Yes No Add optional clarification here
Three things that I liked about your draft are:
1. Type First Thing You Liked
2. Type Second Thing You Liked
3. Type Third Thing You Liked
Three things that could be improved are:
1. Type 1st Area for Improvement
2. Type 2nd Area for Improvement
3. Type 3rd Area for Improvement
1
Abortion
Heather Adkins
Grand Canyon University
ENG-106
Tara Webster
2/14/2023
2
Abortion; should it be illegal?
Would it be appropriate to make abortion illegal? There are many people who believe it
should be illegal. People believe that it should not be against the law, but because of Roe V.
Wade, it is against the law in a number of states. There are many individuals who believe that
abortion is against what God intended in the Bible. Some people maintain that it is your body,
your choice, and you are free to do as you please. There also could be medical reasons for why
you need to terminate your pregnancy; it could harm yourself or the baby even more afterlife. In
my paper, I will discuss the legalization of abortion – I am aware that many people will be
opposed to it. Abortion is a very touchy subject in one way or another because it’s dealing with
your personal beliefs and sometimes it’s not personal beliefs, it’s medical and that’s okay for
having different beliefs about abortion because it is such a touchy subject. So, for this paper I’m
going to be talking about the medical view, personal views, and religionists views because
there’s different opinions about abortion. There are a lot of people are dead set against abortion.
Roe V. Wade
In recent months, Roe V. Wade has been overturned, impacting over 300,000 pregnant
women across the United States. Several states have made it illegal for women to obtain an
abortion, so many women will be unsure what to do. The result of this ruling is that many
women will attempt to perform their own abortion, which may cause them to die or, if they are
successful, may result in an infection. In the 1970s, there were other methods for women to
obtain abortions, but these people may or may not have the necessary medical licenses. As the
United States has made abortion illegal, many other countries will look at this and consider that
3
this is what they should do, and thousands of lives will be lost as a result. The father or
a grandparent, or even the government can sue a woman for having a miscarriage just because
she had an abortion or a miscarriage. Now that there’s this law against women to legally
terminate a pregnancy there’s so many reasons that a woman can choose on what she wants to
do. For the women, it feels like they’re going back in time to where men had to tell you what you
can do and what you can say so it’s difficult for these women to be told it’s illegal to have an
abortion. Sometimes these women even get so scared that they have to go through this pregnancy
now because the new ruling is that they’ll go to other countries just to get an abortion or another
state and travel and sometimes they can’t afford that or don’t have families that live in that state
or country. (Lewandowska, 2022)
Religion/the Bible
It is important to keep in mind that there are many different religious beliefs regarding
abortion and what the Bible has to say about it. It is possible that some people may consider an
abortionist to be a murderer if they have had an abortion. According to them, when they learn
that they are pregnant, they are taking the life of a human being through the pregnancy. The
likelihood that God would wish for you to murder someone is also low because religious groups
believe that the Bible contains authoritative truths about abortion, they protest in front of
abortion clinics in an attempt to prevent women from having abortions or to persuade them to
keep their children instead of aborting them. There are a lot of religion groups that say it’s human
life and you should treat it as human being rather then it not as something you can take away
because it’s an inconvenience to you. Sometimes religious groups will protest so badly in front of
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these clinics that it turned into harassment for these women that are pregnant and just trying to
not even get an abortion sometimes just to get in and checked in and they are harassing these
people because they think they’re having an abortion. In the religion groups, they are very all
about keeping the baby, it’s life these women know that and I don’t think these religious groups
know that some of these women it’s a very difficult decision to do an abortion and the doctors
don’t lightly put it on you they give you a week to decide or a month to think about it. But these
women also think about what the Bible says and what God wants you to do and you kind of have
to think for yourself sometimes even though the religious groups do not want you to do it and it
may be murder in their mind. (Tammney, 1992)
Your Body Your Choice
There are many individuals who believe that it is your body your choice. It is your choice
on what you want to do to your body because there are many reasons why someone would
require an abortion. There are times when a doctor will even inform you that the baby is
brain dead, and therefore won’t survive, so the mother has to choose whether to keep the baby to
full term since it will not live the moment it is born or whether to abort the pregnancy, which is a
difficult decision to make. There are times when abortion is simply a personal matter. As a
teenager, you do not have the knowledge and experience to know what you are doing, and you
have so many options. Plus, you cannot force yourself to give up this child the second it is born,
or you are unable to afford to give birth in a hospital. Additionally, you are unable to provide for
the needs of this child. Sometimes these teenagers are even forced to have these abortions
because their parents are telling them you cannot be pregnant and live in this house which is a
5
shame because sometimes these people are forced to have an abortion. Yes, there’s a million
other ways for these women to decide to fulfill these pregnancies; there’s adoptions and there’s
foster care which isn’t the best right now. There are other options to keep the child, but it is your
body and it is your choice and the new law has forced us to keep the child that may not be good
for some women medically and mentally. (Lewandowska, 2022)
Medical reasons
There are times when women have abortions for medical reasons. Here are a few
examples; among the reasons is when the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, which can
pose a serious medical risk, to carry throughout the pregnancy. It is also possible that the bag
may contain an infection There is an infection in the water that holds the baby, which can lead to
harm to the infant. It is also possible for the placenta to detach from the uterus, which can cause
the mother’s death if this occurs. The purpose of termination is to end the pregnancy. In addition,
mom may be suffering from a number of other medical conditions. Decide that it is essentially
your life, your baby’s life, or both of your lives, and that is a difficult decision. Most of the time
it is a very difficult decision to make in these situations. There are also other medical reasons that
you have to terminate like you take a medication that will lead to miscarriage because you can’t
get off that medication because it’s helping you live and that’s hard for women to decide; okay do
I stay on this medication that’s helping me or stop taking it to go through this pregnancy that
maybe more harmful than most. All these medical decisions go into the decision making of an
abortion. (apapin, 2022)
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Conclusion
As you can see, in conclusion of abortion is a very touchy subject for some people, as
they believe it is their body and their choice. The second you discover you are pregnant, there are
people who believe God does not want you to give up that child. Abortion is the murder of a
human life. In addition, there is a legal matter if you visit a doctor, and they are unable to
perform the procedure due to the fact that it is illegal. Pregnant women have the option of taking
matters into their own hands and doing it to themselves. Unfortunately, they do not know what
they are doing and may end up fatally injured. It is over the fact that the government has declared
abortion to be illegal, when thousands of lives could be saved through the legalization of
abortion. There are many reasons to have an abortion and there could be medical reasons behind
it and they could harm you it could harm the baby or harm both of you and you have to make a
decision. So, it’s hard to decide if you should base your opinion on abortion if it should be
religious beliefs or medical beliefs and everyone has their reasons.
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References
1. Lewandowska, M. (2022). TheBMJ(British Medical Journal). The Fall of Roe v Wade:
The Fight for Abortion Rights Is Universal., 377,
o1608. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1608
2. Tammney, J. B., Johnson, S. D., & Burton, R. (1992). Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion. The Abortion Controversy: Conflicting Beliefs and Values in American
Society., 31(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386830
3. Redd, S. K., AbiSamra, R., Blake, S. C., Komro, K. A., Neal, R., Rice, W. S., & Hall, K.
S. (2023). American Journal of Public Health. Medication Abortion “Reversal” Laws:
How Unsound Science Paved the Way for Dangerous Abortion Policy., 11.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307140
4. James, L. M., Pfeifer, K., & Gillmor, K. M. (2023). The American journal of
nursing. Ethical Care for Patients with Self-Managed Abortion After Roe., 123, 7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000911524.68698.ea
5. Papapin, pusayapaibul, Jittima, M., & Chayada, T. (2022). BMC Pregnancy and
Childbirth. Factors Influencing Parental Decisions to Terminate Pregnancies Following
Prenatal Diagnoses of Major Fetal Anomalies at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok,
Thailand, 22, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04813-w
1
Is Bowling Really A Sport?
Jacob VanDrunen
Grand Canyon University
ENG-106
Instructor Webster
02/26/2023
2
Bowling is a Sport
I have been asked the questions so many times since I started bowling for my high
school. Is bowling really a sport? Isn’t bowling a hobby? The answer is clear. Bowling is a sport.
Defining a sport is almost impossible, but there are many things to keep in mind. Bowling meets
many criteria used to decide if an activity is a sport. Bowling has many forms, but the most
popular is 10 pin. The short explanation is a person throws a ball at 10 pins and tried to knock
them all down at once, if they do not they do get a second try to get the rest of the pins. That is
one frame. A score is tallied over 10 frames to finish a game. Bowling is a sport because it has a
scoring system, has rules, requires special equipment, competition, and it is both physically and
mentally challenging.
Scoring System
Bowling has a complicated scoring system. If a person gets all 10 pins down on their first
throw it is called a strike. It is worth 10 pins plus the sum total of the amount of next 2 balls that
person throws. For example, if that person throws three strikes in a row to start the game, the
first frame would be worth 30 pins. 10 for the first strike plus 20 for the sum of the next 2 balls
thrown. If a person does not get all of the pins down on the first ball, they get a second chance to
get the pins they missed. If they get all of the pins down on the second try it is called a spare. A
spare is worth 10 pins plus the total of the next ball thrown. Unlike a strike that is the total of the
next 2 balls. If you only get 8 pins total between your 2 throws and do not get all 10 down then
the score for that frame would be 8. Bowling is 10 frames. Bowling for Kids (2020) explains the
tenth frames as a spare in the 10th frame receives one extra bonus delivery to be added to the
spare. A strike in the 10th frame receives two extra bonus deliveries to be added to the first
strike. The max score in the 10th frame is 30 (if the bowler rolls 3 strikes in the 10th frame). The
3
highest game a person can throw is a 300. The person with the highest score wins. In leagues it is
done in 3 game series and a person needs to beat the person they are personally against, but the
team’s total also needs to beat the opposing team. As stated before, it is a very complicated
system and indeed puts bowling in the category of a sport.
Rules
Sports have rules. Certain rules need to be followed during a game of bowling. The
United States Bowling Congress is the governing body for league and professional bowling. The
U.S.B.C. rulebook has 329 named rules. Many of them are designated for leagues and
tournaments like rosters and lane condition. The do have 18 rules that are general to the game of
bowling. One was just recently added. The U.S.B.C (2022) added Rule 18 explaining that
bowlers will no longer be allowed to use isopropyl alcohol to clean a bowling ball once
competition has started. One rule is a bowler cannot cross the line between the approach and the
lane. This is called the foul line. If it is crossed, the bowler gets a zero for that throw and the pins
are reset. If it happens on the second ball it just counts as a zero. A bowler cannot put any
substance on their shoe or the approach to assist in helping their foot either slide more or stick
more. A bowling ball needs to be drilled within a certain weight and counterweight guideline to
keep bowling balls on an even level. A person cannot switch hands in the middle of a game.
Sports have rules and bowling has plenty of them.
Equipment
Many sports require special equipment. Bowling is no exception. One thing that all
bowlers need to wear are bowling shoes. Experienced bowlers usually have their own shoes, but
people can rent them at bowling alley. Some shoes have different soles and heals that can be
taken off and replaced with different material to help keep the bowler’s slide consistent at
4
different lanes. A person must use a bowling ball that weighs between 6 and 16 pounds. The
bowling balls are very complicated and have different coverstocks. A coverstock is the outside of
the ball. Different coverstocks make the ball hook more or less. Bowling.com (2015) explained
that bowling balls have plastic, urethane, pearl, hybrid, and solid coverstocks. Bowling balls also
have cores. The core helps more with the angle the ball hooks. Motiv Bowling (n.d.) say balls
have either symmetrical or asymmetrical cores. A symmetrical core is smoother and more
predictable. An asymmetrical core is a sharper angle hook. A bowling alley has plastic ball for
people to use. They will not hook much and are pre-drilled. The ball needs to have holes for
fingers. Many people put rubber tips inside the ball to help make the ball hook. Other equipment
that can be used are rosin balls, finger tape, and wrist braces. Sports need equipment. Bowling
also needs equipment.
Competition
All sports involve competition. No matter if a person is bowling with a group of friends
or bowling on the professional tour, competition is a big part of bowling. Bowling with friends
always gets a little competitive and no one wants to come in last. Even if they are there just to
have some fun. League bowling really steps up in competition. Leagues vary in size from
bowling singles leagues to bowling in teams of 5. Most highly competitive leagues are 5 person
teams. To allow everyone to bowl, leagues have handicap. The handicap is based on the bowlers
average. Some leagues are scratch and have no handicap. Bowling leagues usually have some
sort of winnings at the end of the league. “Many times league bowlers compete for individual
and team awards such as plaques and trophies. Also, many leagues offer prize funds factored into
the league fees each week which pays extra money at the end of the season” (Bowlingball.com,
n.d.). There is a professional bowling tour. This is highly competitive and is also scratch.
5
Professional bowlers go for prizes up to 1 million dollars. Sports require competition. Bowling
does not lack competition at any level.
Challenging
Bowling is very physically challenging. It may not be the most demanding sport to play,
but it is very hard to repeat the bowling process the same way every time. A bowler needs to
time their arm and their legs to get the ball to be in the right spot at the release. A bowler needs
to keep their hand doing the same thing during the release. The average league bowler throws a
15 pound ball. The least amount of balls a person can throw in a game is 11. A bowler usually
throws a 3 game series meaning they will at least throw a 15 pound ball 33 times. “Most people
play about three games when they visit a bowling alley. If you bowl three games you will walk
3,195 steps” (Bobley, 2015). Bowling is also mentally challenging. Bowling lanes have oil on
them. The more balls that get thrown down the alley both absorb and push that oil around. This
changes how much the ball will hook. If there is no oil, the ball will grab on the wood and hook.
If there is a bunch of oil, the ball will slide until it hits dry wood. Trying to figure out where to
move throughout a 3 game series is a real brain workout. Staying calm and focused is very
difficult in bowling because none of it is reactionary. Like a kicker in football, a bowler has a lot
of time to think about their shot. Keeping mentally tough is very difficult when things are not
going well. It can also be difficult to keep the energy down when things are going good. There is
no defense in bowling and that alone has it’s mental difficulties. There is nothing a bowler can
do when their opponent just keeps striking. Sports are challenging. Bowling is very challenging
both physically and mentally.
6
Conclusion
Scoring, rules, equipment, competition, and challenge are the main reasons why bowling
is a sport. Sports do not have one specific definition that encompasses all of them. Sports have
criteria that need to be met. Bowling has many of these criteria and lacks very few. Bowling may
be a sport that anyone can play, but it does not make it any less of a sport. Not everyone can
become good at bowling. So, if anyone asks if bowing is a sport, the answer is yes.
7
References
Kids Learn to Bowl. (2020, February 26). How to keep score.
BOWL.com. (2022, August 1). Rules updates. https://bowl.com/rules/rules-updates
Bowling.com. (2015, February, 27). Coverstocks and how they perform.
https://www.bowling.com/bowling-blog/bowling-balls/coverstocks-and-how-theyperform/
Motiv Bowling. (n.d.). Symmetrical vs Asymmectrical.
https://www.motivbowling.com/blog/symmetrical-vsasymmetrical.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIp6DHkcOY_QIV9MiUCR3ufgpeEAAYASA
AEgKVL_D_BwE
Bowlingball.com. (n.d.). Bowling Leagues. https://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowlingleagues
Bobley, N. (2015, November 6). Physician fitness: Bowling’s hidden exercise. HCP Live.
https://www.hcplive.com/view/physician-fitness-bowlings-hidden-exercise
Body Brokers in Organ Trafficking
Yvonne Mensah- Addison
Grand Canyon University
English Composition II 106
Professor Tara Webster
February 14 2023
Body Brokers in Organ Trafficking
The recent illegal trade in people has been a big story in many popular news sources. When
people talk about organ transplants, there are often many different points of view. One of the
most controversial is whether or not selling human organs is an evil corporation that should
be legitimate. The human organ trade was chosen as the controversial definitional case for the
essay. Organ buying and selling is a kind of organized crime made worse by utter despair and
hubris (Weatherburn, 2020, Pg. 55). For this research essay, the controversial topic will be
glanced at as if it were a crime. Using what we know about criminal justice as a guidance
document will be done. Organ brokerage is a group of unlicensed brokerage firms that take
added benefit of poor individuals and make money by hoodwinking them into buying and
selling their organs. Brokering and selling human organs in the United States is a crime. After
all, it is set up as one because it takes advantage of desperate people and is a bad thing to do
to other people.
Organ trading is a type of criminal organization that is made more severe by indicating that
the amount of individuals who need body parts around the universe is beginning to grow
more rapidly than the number of individuals who provide organs. So, the convicted felon
represents the most significant buzzword that should be looked at in detail. Organ systems are
increasingly difficult to obtain around the universe, making more and more individuals want
to purchase them in the black industry. Organ brokering is a free market system established
by structured violence clusters and other criminal activities that benefit from the increasing
supply of body parts (Moniruzzaman, 2019, Pg. 239). Human internal organs are in the
growing market, which has produced muscle banks, and transfusion banks participate with
one another to acquire them. Because there are insufficiently qualified donations in the US, a
global network of shady businesspeople known as body dealers or middlemen has emerged. It
is illegal to purchase human organs for transplantation or drug development in the United
States and much of Europe.
There are many accusations about the illegal sale of human organs on the black market.
These include taking advantage of people on waiting lists, stealing body parts from morgues,
selling organs, and using the organs of people who were executed for a crime or who got out
of jail early because they donated an organ. Because the most vulnerable people are so eager
to make money so that they can provide for their families, the illegal practice of human
broking is growing on the black market. On the other hand, a wealthy individual who is
terminally ill and requires an organ transplant to survive is ready to pay out the sum
necessary to save the lives of many people (Merola, 2021, pg. 10). A greedy person will work
as a middleman between those who are poor and those who are rich to make a lot of money
for themselves. Organizing kidney transplants and other transplants for organs that are not
considered vital typically falls under the purview of organ brokers.
The most important question about this controversial case is whether the human organ body
dealer is kind by making a contest to safeguard a person’s career or whether the broker is
breaking an ethical code by paying disadvantaged populations for their organs and billing
rich individuals to save their existence so that the broker can make money. Especially the sale
of kidneys raises a lot of ethical questions (Gautier, 2019, Pg. 26). For the organ brokerage to
make money and make a profit, they first should establish a connection between the person
who wants to donate and the person who needs an organ right away. Even though it is against
the law to sell a person’s body in the United States, this does not mean it does not happen.
Human organ brokers look for the most desperate individuals, especially in underdeveloped
countries. These people are willing to do anything in exchange for a small amount of money,
and there are few laws in place or enforced in underdeveloped countries so that human organ
brokers can find them.
After the organ has found a ready donor, it goes through several medical tests examining how
it works. After the healthcare checks are conducted, the organ broker would use the outcomes
to make a list of rich people who might be able to pay for an organ. The rich person who
needs an organ right away must be found and paired with an organ on the list. When the right
match is found, the donor is contacted and brought to the place where the clinical procedure
will take place (Weatherburn, 2020, Pg. 62). That’s also usually in a host-host country, where
the operation can be done openly or behind closed doors. At the end of the complete
procedure, the poor and susceptible donor gets a small amount of money, the wealthy
recipient gets hundreds of thousands of dollars, and both the organ broker and the general
practitioner who did the transplant make a lot of money, regardless of whether the operation
was successful or not.
Why a Human Organ Brokerage is a Criminal Act
This trade and the back market for selling human organs are illegal in the United States. The
purchase of human organs has resulted in a substantial rise in unethical behavior, such as
transplanting organs for financial gain by corporate individuals who take advantage of poor
and vulnerable people for their financial benefit and illegally harvest human body parts.
Organ brokering is a crime that has been going on for many years, and it is getting worse
because there are not as many organs as there used to be and because more and more people
are dying while waiting for a willing donor (Knust, 2020, Pg. 1775). Organ trading is against
the law, and many international groups, like the World Health Organization, have done a lot to
say so. Since 1987, it has been against the law to trade or sell organs. The World Health
Organization says that this is a violation of the global declaration of human rights. Dealing
with human organs is immoral and unlawful because it primarily benefits wealthy
intermediaries and already financially secure people. It also puts extra pressure on those
already poor and vulnerable, compelling them to sacrifice their health and wellness to survive.
People in industrialized nations with high or middle-to-high incomes receive organ transplants
from patients on the verge of passing away if they do not receive a transplant (Gawronska,
2019, Pg. 275). As a result of the growing popularity of the organ trade, most of the organs for
sale on the illicit market come from underdeveloped and impoverished regions of the world.
The brokerage violates the law because it takes advantage of the donor, who is frequently
from a disadvantaged and vulnerable background and who is attempting to pay off debts or get
out of a difficult financial situation. In exceptional circumstances, the donor can be a displaced
person who is prepared to part
with their organs and tissues in exchange for the opportunity to start a new life. It is common
for the donor to be left with long-term health problems as well as medical expenditures that
put them in debt as a result of the illegal act of selling organs. In addition, the person who
receives the organ suffers as a result of this illegal act (Gautier, 2019, Pg. 32). That’s also
because if the broker does not do a good job of connecting donors and receivers, the recipient
may become unwell and be required to take expensive immunosuppressant medications. It
was discovered that many significant people were involved in illegal organ trading, such as
brokers who organize and assist with international organ transplants. The position of the
brokers is clearly defined as collaborating with healthcare experts to make it easier for a
medical exam to be done on the part of the body from the willing donor who has been found.
Brokers may occasionally reside in multiple nations, which makes it harder for enforcement
agencies and incitement of violence to do their jobs. People often do not talk about or pay
attention to the illegal trading of human organs because it usually happens outside regular
business hours (Smith, 2019, Pg. 318). Human organ trading is wrong and must be punished
by the law if it is to stop. Private investigation of illegal organ brokers should not be seen as
the essential way to eliminate all forms of human organ trade. Instead, the focus should be on
the most extreme cases of abuse.
People should consider the arguments against organ trading to understand better why it
should stay illegal in the United States and other parts of the world. Many people think that
giving the donor money makes it possible for more donors to come forward. Illegal organ
trading is a big problem in the United States and other parts of the world. The World Health
Organization’s report showed that a fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted around
the globe come from the black market (Merola, 2021, Pg. 7). Most of these kidneys are sold
by selfish business people. In short, there is scientific proof that selling a human organ on the
black market is criminal and hurts both the poor and disadvantaged benefactor and the person
who gets the organ. Because of this, the different parties involved, such as government
agencies and healthcare providers, should work together to stop this unlawful activity and
safeguard the interests and decency of vulnerable donors.
References
Gautier, S. V., & Khomyakov, S. M. (2019). Organ donation and transplantation in the
Russian Federation in 2018. 11th report of the Registry of the Russian Transplant
Society. Russian Journal of transplantology and artificial organs, 21(3), 7-32.
Gawronska, S. (2019). Organ trafficking and human trafficking for organ removal,
two international legal frameworks against illicit organ removal. New Journal of
European criminal law, 10(3), 268-286.
Knust, N., & Lingenfelter, K. (2020). Individual criminal responsibility beyond the
state: human trafficking as both a transnational and an international crime. The
Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1765-1784.
Merola, J., Schilsky, M. L., & Mulligan, D. C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on
organ donation, procurement, and liver transplantation in the United
States. Hepatology communications, 5(1), 5-11.
Moniruzzaman, M. (2019). “The Heavier Selves”: Embodied and Subjective Suffering
of Organ Sellers in Bangladesh. Ethos, 47(2), 233-253.
Smith, M., Dominguez-Gil, B., Greer, D. M., Manara, A. R., & Souter, M. J. (2019).
Organ donation after circulatory death: current status and future potential. Intensive
care medicine, 45, 310-321.
Weatherburn, A. (2020). Improving Prosecutions of Human Trafficking for Labour
Exploitation: Lessons Learned from Two European Jurisdictions (England and Wales
and Belgium). Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related
Sexual Violence, 1(1), 49-64.
Body Brokers in Organ Trafficking
Yvonne Mensah- Addison
Grand Canyon University
English Composition II 106
Professor Tara Webster
February 14 2023
Body Brokers in Organ Trafficking
The recent illegal trade in people has been a big story in many popular news sources. When
people talk about organ transplants, there are often many different points of view. One of the
most controversial is whether or not selling human organs is an evil corporation that should
be legitimate. The human organ trade was chosen as the controversial definitional case for the
essay. Organ buying and selling is a kind of organized crime made worse by utter despair and
hubris (Weatherburn, 2020, Pg. 55). For this research essay, the controversial topic will be
glanced at as if it were a crime. Using what we know about criminal justice as a guidance
document will be done. Organ brokerage is a group of unlicensed brokerage firms that take
added benefit of poor individuals and make money by hoodwinking them into buying and
selling their organs. Brokering and selling human organs in the United States is a crime. After
all, it is set up as one because it takes advantage of desperate people and is a bad thing to do
to other people.
Organ trading is a type of criminal organization that is made more severe by indicating that
the amount of individuals who need body parts around the universe is beginning to grow
more rapidly than the number of individuals who provide organs. So, the convicted felon
represents the most significant buzzword that should be looked at in detail. Organ systems are
increasingly difficult to obtain around the universe, making more and more individuals want
to purchase them in the black industry. Organ brokering is a free market system established
by structured violence clusters and other criminal activities that benefit from the increasing
supply of body parts (Moniruzzaman, 2019, Pg. 239). Human internal organs are in the
growing market, which has produced muscle banks, and transfusion banks participate with
one another to acquire them. Because there are insufficiently qualified donations in the US, a
global network of shady businesspeople known as body dealers or middlemen has emerged. It
is illegal to purchase human organs for transplantation or drug development in the United
States and much of Europe.
There are many accusations about the illegal sale of human organs on the black market.
These include taking advantage of people on waiting lists, stealing body parts from morgues,
selling organs, and using the organs of people who were executed for a crime or who got out
of jail early because they donated an organ. Because the most vulnerable people are so eager
to make money so that they can provide for their families, the illegal practice of human
broking is growing on the black market. On the other hand, a wealthy individual who is
terminally ill and requires an organ transplant to survive is ready to pay out the sum
necessary to save the lives of many people (Merola, 2021, pg. 10). A greedy person will work
as a middleman between those who are poor and those who are rich to make a lot of money
for themselves. Organizing kidney transplants and other transplants for organs that are not
considered vital typically falls under the purview of organ brokers.
The most important question about this controversial case is whether the human organ body
dealer is kind by making a contest to safeguard a person’s career or whether the broker is
breaking an ethical code by paying disadvantaged populations for their organs and billing
rich individuals to save their existence so that the broker can make money. Especially the sale
of kidneys raises a lot of ethical questions (Gautier, 2019, Pg. 26). For the organ brokerage to
make money and make a profit, they first should establish a connection between the person
who wants to donate and the person who needs an organ right away. Even though it is against
the law to sell a person’s body in the United States, this does not mean it does not happen.
Human organ brokers look for the most desperate individuals, especially in underdeveloped
countries. These people are willing to do anything in exchange for a small amount of money,
and there are few laws in place or enforced in underdeveloped countries so that human organ
brokers can find them.
After the organ has found a ready donor, it goes through several medical tests examining how
it works. After the healthcare checks are conducted, the organ broker would use the outcomes
to make a list of rich people who might be able to pay for an organ. The rich person who
needs an organ right away must be found and paired with an organ on the list. When the right
match is found, the donor is contacted and brought to the place where the clinical procedure
will take place (Weatherburn, 2020, Pg. 62). That’s also usually in a host-host country, where
the operation can be done openly or behind closed doors. At the end of the complete
procedure, the poor and susceptible donor gets a small amount of money, the wealthy
recipient gets hundreds of thousands of dollars, and both the organ broker and the general
practitioner who did the transplant make a lot of money, regardless of whether the operation
was successful or not.
Why a Human Organ Brokerage is a Criminal Act
This trade and the back market for selling human organs are illegal in the United States. The
purchase of human organs has resulted in a substantial rise in unethical behavior, such as
transplanting organs for financial gain by corporate individuals who take advantage of poor
and vulnerable people for their financial benefit and illegally harvest human body parts.
Organ brokering is a crime that has been going on for many years, and it is getting worse
because there are not as many organs as there used to be and because more and more people
are dying while waiting for a willing donor (Knust, 2020, Pg. 1775). Organ trading is against
the law, and many international groups, like the World Health Organization, have done a lot to
say so. Since 1987, it has been against the law to trade or sell organs. The World Health
Organization says that this is a violation of the global declaration of human rights. Dealing
with human organs is immoral and unlawful because it primarily benefits wealthy
intermediaries and already financially secure people. It also puts extra pressure on those
already poor and vulnerable, compelling them to sacrifice their health and wellness to survive.
People in industrialized nations with high or middle-to-high incomes receive organ transplants
from patients on the verge of passing away if they do not receive a transplant (Gawronska,
2019, Pg. 275). As a result of the growing popularity of the organ trade, most of the organs for
sale on the illicit market come from underdeveloped and impoverished regions of the world.
The brokerage violates the law because it takes advantage of the donor, who is frequently
from a disadvantaged and vulnerable background and who is attempting to pay off debts or get
out of a difficult financial situation. In exceptional circumstances, the donor can be a displaced
person who is prepared to part
with their organs and tissues in exchange for the opportunity to start a new life. It is common
for the donor to be left with long-term health problems as well as medical expenditures that
put them in debt as a result of the illegal act of selling organs. In addition, the person who
receives the organ suffers as a result of this illegal act (Gautier, 2019, Pg. 32). That’s also
because if the broker does not do a good job of connecting donors and receivers, the recipient
may become unwell and be required to take expensive immunosuppressant medications. It
was discovered that many significant people were involved in illegal organ trading, such as
brokers who organize and assist with international organ transplants. The position of the
brokers is clearly defined as collaborating with healthcare experts to make it easier for a
medical exam to be done on the part of the body from the willing donor who has been found.
Brokers may occasionally reside in multiple nations, which makes it harder for enforcement
agencies and incitement of violence to do their jobs. People often do not talk about or pay
attention to the illegal trading of human organs because it usually happens outside regular
business hours (Smith, 2019, Pg. 318). Human organ trading is wrong and must be punished
by the law if it is to stop. Private investigation of illegal organ brokers should not be seen as
the essential way to eliminate all forms of human organ trade. Instead, the focus should be on
the most extreme cases of abuse.
People should consider the arguments against organ trading to understand better why it
should stay illegal in the United States and other parts of the world. Many people think that
giving the donor money makes it possible for more donors to come forward. Illegal organ
trading is a big problem in the United States and other parts of the world. The World Health
Organization’s report showed that a fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted around
the globe come from the black market (Merola, 2021, Pg. 7). Most of these kidneys are sold
by selfish business people. In short, there is scientific proof that selling a human organ on the
black market is criminal and hurts both the poor and disadvantaged benefactor and the person
who gets the organ. Because of this, the different parties involved, such as government
agencies and healthcare providers, should work together to stop this unlawful activity and
safeguard the interests and decency of vulnerable donors.
References
Gautier, S. V., & Khomyakov, S. M. (2019). Organ donation and transplantation in the
Russian Federation in 2018. 11th report of the Registry of the Russian Transplant
Society. Russian Journal of transplantology and artificial organs, 21(3), 7-32.
Gawronska, S. (2019). Organ trafficking and human trafficking for organ removal,
two international legal frameworks against illicit organ removal. New Journal of
European criminal law, 10(3), 268-286.
Knust, N., & Lingenfelter, K. (2020). Individual criminal responsibility beyond the
state: human trafficking as both a transnational and an international crime. The
Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1765-1784.
Merola, J., Schilsky, M. L., & Mulligan, D. C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on
organ donation, procurement, and liver transplantation in the United
States. Hepatology communications, 5(1), 5-11.
Moniruzzaman, M. (2019). “The Heavier Selves”: Embodied and Subjective Suffering
of Organ Sellers in Bangladesh. Ethos, 47(2), 233-253.
Smith, M., Dominguez-Gil, B., Greer, D. M., Manara, A. R., & Souter, M. J. (2019).
Organ donation after circulatory death: current status and future potential. Intensive
care medicine, 45, 310-321.
Weatherburn, A. (2020). Improving Prosecutions of Human Trafficking for Labour
Exploitation: Lessons Learned from Two European Jurisdictions (England and Wales
and Belgium). Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related
Sexual Violence, 1(1), 49-64.
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